Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Moldova

The higher education system in Moldova has undergone significant transformations since the country declared its independence in 1991. Over the past 26 years, reforms have been implemented in phases, driven by the need to align with European standards and enhance the competitiveness of Moldovan institutions. A pivotal moment came in 2003 when Moldova joined the Bologna Process, marking a commitment to harmonizing its education system with those of European Higher Education Area (EHEA) countries.

The adoption of a new education law in 1995 laid the groundwork for these reforms. The Bologna Declaration, endorsed in 2005, further solidified Moldova's commitment to educational reforms aimed at improving quality and fostering academic mobility. The focus has been on creating a competitive and attractive higher education landscape by aligning national standards with those of EU member states.

Key milestones between 2005 and 2017 include the introduction of a three-cycle higher education structure: Licentiate (Cycle I), Master’s (Cycle II), and Doctorate (Cycle III). This structure has allowed Moldovan higher education institutions (HEIs) to offer a wide range of programs across various fields. By 2016, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research had authorized approximately 200 majors for Cycle I and 350 programs for Cycle II, while 45 doctoral schools were established for Cycle III.

The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) has been implemented since 2006, facilitating the transfer and accumulation of credits, which enhances student mobility and recognition of qualifications across borders. To promote transparency, all graduates receive a European Diploma Supplement, which offers detailed information about their qualifications, thus aiding potential employers in understanding their educational background.

In addition to structural reforms, the development of a National Qualifications Framework (NQF) has been a significant step towards aligning Moldovan higher education with European standards. The NQF is compatible with the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning, providing clarity on the various levels of education and their interconnections with international standards.

A notable aspect of the reforms has been the emphasis on social orientation within higher education, making it more accessible and supportive for students. The government has introduced financial aid programs, including state-funded grants and scholarships for outstanding students, fostering inclusivity in the education system.

Quality assurance in higher education has been a major focus of the Moldovan government and educational authorities. The National Agency for Quality Assurance in Professional Education (ANACIP) plays a crucial role in this process, overseeing both internal and external quality assurance mechanisms. The agency is responsible for conducting evaluations and accreditations of HEIs, ensuring that they meet national and international quality standards.

The quality assurance framework operates on two levels: national and institutional. At the national level, the Ministry of Education and ANACIP set standards and policies for quality assurance. Institutions themselves are expected to establish internal quality assurance systems that comply with these standards. The quality evaluation process includes a multicriteria examination of institutional capacity, educational efficiency, and compliance with established standards, among other factors.

Moldova’s commitment to quality assurance has led to the establishment of a system that requires provisional authorization for new institutions and programs before they can commence operations. Accreditation is granted based on comprehensive evaluations, ensuring that educational offerings meet the required quality benchmarks. The results of these evaluations are crucial for maintaining the integrity and reputation of Moldovan higher education.

In conclusion, the processes of quality assurance in higher education in Moldova reflect a concerted effort to align with European standards, enhance the educational landscape, and ensure that institutions are capable of providing high-quality education. The ongoing reforms, coupled with a strong focus on quality assurance, position Moldova's higher education system as a competitive player on the international stage, committed to continuous improvement and adaptation to evolving educational needs.